Phytochemical Characterization and Systemic Exposure of Bioactive Metabolites of the Aqueous Extracts of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae) on Albino Wistar Rats

Ficus thonningii (Blume) is considered as a herbal plant with well documented biological activity in the management of several diseases in the tropics. However, there is a gap of information on its safety and proof of efficacy in evidence-based medicine. The objective of this study was to characterize the bioactive metabolites of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Ficus. thonningii and in vivo evaluation of the systemic exposure of the bioactive metabolite. Phytochemical screening was done using standard extraction techniques, and test according to methods adopted from Sofowora and collaborators. Quantitative analysis was done using spectrophotometer of plant extract with different reference standards. Analysis of the animals' plasma following administration of the extract was used to investigate systemic exposure to confirmed the presence of absence of metabolites in systemic circulation. This work shows that F. thonningii (Blume) stem bark hydro-ethanolic extract contains polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, catechic tannins, gallic tannins, coumarins, quinones, phlobatannins. This study shows that the hydro-ethanolic extract of F. thonningii contains total phenolic content of 192,27 ± 3,40 mgEQ/MS g gallic acid and total flavonoid content of 103,59 ± 15,72 mgEQ/MS quercetin. This study shows that the secondary metabolites in the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of F. thonningii (Blume) were not detected in plasma and not bioavailable.

Phytochemical Investigation and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Panchavalkala Bark Extracts

Natural antioxidants have an important role in the prevention of many age-related diseases and promotion of health. Among natural antioxidants from plants, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants and chelating agents. Panchavalkala the barks of five trees i.e. Nyagrodha (Ficus benghalensis L.), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa L.), Ashwatha (Ficus religiosa L.), Plaksha (Ficus virens Aiton) and Parisha (Thespesia populnea (L.)Sol.ex Correa) are also known as Pancha Ksheeri Vrikshas in use since Vedic period. Barks of these trees are dried in shade and are used for different formulations (Pancha Kashaya Kalpanas), in different pathological conditions, especially as wound healing, gynecological disorders and etc. The plant samples were extracted using ethanol and water, and subjected for the phytochemical analysis. It was confirmed that samples contain many biologically active compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and terpinoids etc. The marker compound of each trial drug and the quantitative analysis has been carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant study was done by using in vitro method 1, 1­-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The marker compounds caffeic acid and gallic acid were quantified in each extract for their quality and efficacy. PVK barks showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50 values in DPPH (EE PVK- 20.46µg/ml, AE PVK-37.79µg/ml, EE T.poulenea-22µg/ml, AE T. poulenia- 23.31µg/ml AE F. benghalensis- 25.53µg/ml, EE F. benghalensis- 26.23µg/ml, EE F. religiosa - 34µg/ml). Quercetin- IC50 value 4.026µg/ml is used as standard. The results of the study demonstrated that PVK barks possess phyto-constituent’s viz. tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols etc. and has potential antioxidant activity. Thus these barks have good therapeutic potential as natural antioxidant and might be used in life style related conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders and etc.

Applicability of an HPLC method for analysis of alcoholic and glycolic Brazilian green-propolis extracts

Abstract Brazilian green propolis has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical products due to its valuable source of phenolic compounds and versatile biological activities. The development and validation of analytical methods are extremely useful for the characterization and quality control of products containing propolis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize, validate and investigate the applicability of a reversed-phase HPLC method for analysis of different types of Brazilian green propolis extracts (glycolic and ethanolic). The method showed to be selective for the propolis phenolic markers. The analysis of variance and residues demonstrated that the method had significant linear regression, without lack of fit. It was also a precise, accurate and robust method, which was of utmost importance to analyze both glycolic and ethanolic extracts and at different concentrations. Moreover, as these products can display most complex matrices to analyze, a valid HPLC method can also prove to be specific and versatile.

Investigation of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea in Swiss mice exposed to paracetamol / Investigação da atividade antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em camundongos Swiss expostos ao paracetamol

Aims: it was evaluated the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of Caesal-pinia ferrea bark in a model of oxidative stress induced by paracetamol (PCM). Methods: male Swiss mice were subdivided into four groups (control; PCM; PCM+extract; extract; n=8) in which a dose of paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) was administered and after 3 hours the treatment with the extract (100 mg.kg-1/day) was administered for seven days, via gavage. Oxidative stress biomarkers were determined, such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced gluta-thione, ascorbic acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonylated proteins of liver, kidneys and brain and plasma parameters through the dosage of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Results: the Caesalpinia ferrea extract was able to reverse the lipid and protein damage caused by the drug in the liver tissue and caused the same effect in the renal and brain tissues in the carbonylated proteins. The extract alone decreased liver glutathione-S-transferase and increased catalase and brain glutathione-S-transferase activity, in addition to lowering glucose and cholesterol, but without altering the triglycerides. Conclusions: it was possible to conclude that the ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea has a good antioxidant activity, probably due to dose of paracetamol in the samples investigated. However, more studies are needed for a better understanding of the effects of this extract compared to the effects found in this research

Objetivos: foi avaliado o efeito antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido por paracetamol (acetaminofeno, PCM). Métodos: camundongos Swiss machos foram subdivididos em quatro grupos (controle; PCM; PCM+extrato; extrato; n=8) nos quais foi administrada uma dose de paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) e após três horas foi administrado o tratamento com o extrato (100 mg.kg-1/ dia) por sete dias, via gavagem. Foram determinados biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo, como catalase, glutationa-S-transferase, glutationa reduzida, ácido ascórbico, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e proteínas carboniladas do fígado, rins e cérebro, além de parâmetros plasmáticos através da dosagem de glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase. Resultados: o extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea foi capaz de reverter os danos lipídicos e proteicos causados pela droga no tecido hepático, e também causou o mesmo efeito nos tecidos renal e cerebral nas proteínas carboniladas. O extrato sozinho diminuiu a atividade da glutationa-S-transferase hepática e aumentou a da catalase e glutationa-S-transferase cerebral, além de diminuir a glicose e o colesterol, mas sem alterar os triglicerídeos. Conclusões: foi possível concluir que o extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea apresenta uma boa atividade antioxidante, provavelmente devido à presença de taninos, tendo em vista os danos causados pela alta dose de paracetamol nas amostras investigadas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para um melhor entendimento dos efeitos deste extrato frente aos efeitos encontrados nesta pesquisa

Antioxidant and Inhibitory Capacity of Tomato Leaf Ethanolic Extract against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans / Capacidad Antioxidante e Inhibitoria del Extracto Etanólico de la Hoja de Tomate contra Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Candida albicans

Background: Tomato is a source of bioactive compounds, antimicrobials, and antioxidants. Tomato leaf preparations have been empirically used for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibiotic, and antiseptic purposes. However, research on the potential activity of tomato leaf extracts against oral microorganisms and in managing oropharyngeal infections is scarce. Objective: To investigate tomato leaf ethanolic extract's antioxidant and growth inhibitory capacity against common oral pathogenic microorganisms, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans.Methods: Ethanolic extracts were made from 'Chonto' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. The antimicrobial activity was measured with the microdilution technique using vancomycin and fluconazole as positive controls. The antioxidant capacity was measured with the ORAC assay using Trolox as a positive control. Results: We found a high percentage of growth inhibition (≥100%) against S. mutans and P. gingivalis at a concentration of 500 mg/L. However, the extract was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Finally, we observed that the extract exerted a high antioxidant capacity (126%) compared to the positive control. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the potential antimicrobial effect of tomato leaf extracts on common oral pathogenic bacteria, which may ultimately result in the development of new herbal products that might help prevent and treat oral infections, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Our findings also support previous studies on the high antioxidant capacity of tomato leaf extracts

Antecedentes: El tomate es una fuente de compuestos bioactivos, antimicrobianos y antioxidantes. Las hojas de tomate se han utilizado empíricamente con fines antiinflamatorios, analgésicos, antibióticos y antisépticos. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre la actividad de los extractos de hojas de tomate contra los microorganismos orales y en el manejo de las infecciones orofaríngeas son escasos. Objetivo: Investigar la capacidad antioxidante del extracto etanólico de la hoja de tomate y su actividad inhibitoria de crecimiento contra microorganismos patógenos orales comunes, a saber, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Candida albicans.Métodos: Se realizaron extractos etanólicos a partir de hojas de tomate 'Chonto' (Lycopersicon esculentum). La actividad antimicrobiana se midió con la técnica de microdilución utilizando vancomicina y fluconazol como controles positivos. La capacidad antioxidante se midió con el ensayo ORAC utilizando Trolox como control positivo. Resultados: Encontramos un alto porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento (≥100%) contra a S. mutans y P. gingivalis a una concentración de 500 mg/L. Sin embargo, el extracto fue ineficaz en la inhibición el crecimiento de C. albicans. Finalmente, observamos que el extracto tuvo una alta capacidad antioxidante (126%) en comparación con el control positivo. Conclusiones: Este estudio proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre el posible efecto antimicrobiano de los extractos de hojas de tomate en bacterias patógenas orales comunes, lo cual puede resultar en el desarrollo de nuevos productos naturales que podrían ayudar a prevenir y tratar infecciones orales, como la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal. Nuestros hallazgos también respaldan los estudios previos sobre la alta capacidad antioxidante de los extractos de hojas de tomate

Anti urolithiatic activity of Cyperus rotundus tubers: In silico, In vitro and In vivo approaches

Abstract The present research evaluated the anti urolithic potential of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract using in silico, in vitro and in vivo techniques. In silicostudy was performed of Cyperus rotundus constituents and pathological protein oxalate oxidase (PDB Id: 2ETE). In vitrostudy, nucleation and aggregation assay involved for assessment of ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber (50-3000 µg/ml).In vivo studies involved that the Cyperus rotundusethanolic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg B.wt.) wastreatedonsodium oxalate induced urolithiatic rats for seven days,evaluated kidney function by urine and serum biochemical analysis and statistical analysis performed usingGraphPad prism5 software.In silico results showedthat Cyperus rotundus constituents,Humulene epoxide, 4-Oxo-alpha-ylangene, Cubebol were exhibited better binding energyonoxalate oxidase.Ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundustuber was exhibited nucleation, aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals inhibition in dosedependent manner. Sodium oxalate treatment was triggered biochemical changesin the urine that have been substantially prevented by the ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus tuber. The current findings Cyperus rotundus anti urolithic activity due to antioxidant essential oils. The molecular docking results could be used to optimize lead and develop the appropriate urolithiasis treatment.

Eficacia de la Palta como Antibacteriano frente a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Resumen La palta (Persea americana) es uno de los frutos con bastante abundancia en Bolivia, esto se debe a su capacidad de producirse en climas templados y cálidos, lo que trae consigo múltiples beneficios para la salud, pues hay evidencia cientifica que sugiere que la palta podría tener efectos para inhibir o destruir el desarrollo de múltiples microorganismos. Así mismo se pudo evidenciar que los extractos Clorofórmicos y Etanólicos de la semilla de la palta si tiene un efecto bacteriostático y bactericida contra cepas de M. tuberculosis, por inducir la liberación de radicales libres, sin embargo estos extractos también han demostrado tener eficacia contra otras cepas bacterianas, micóticas y parasitarias y algunos virus.

Abstract The avocado (Persea americana) is one of the most abundant fruits in Bolivia, due to its capacity to be produced in temperate and warm climates, bringing multiple health benefits, as scientific evidence suggests the avocado may have effects in inhibiting or destroying the growth of multiple microorganisms. Likewise, it has been shown that the chlorophormic and ethanolic extracts of avocado seed have a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against strains of M. tuberculosis, by inducing the release of free radicals; furthermore, these extracts have also been shown to be effective against other bacterial, fungal and parasitic strains and some viruses.

In vitro screening for growth inhibition activity on cancer cell lines of northern Chile highlands shrubs / Triagem in vitro da atividade de inibição do crescimento em linhagens celulares de câncer em arbustos das montanhas do norte do Chile

ABSTRACT: Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Many chemotherapeutics from plants have been tested in cancer, such as vinblastine and paclitaxel. The north of Chile, Arica & Parinacota region, is characterized by its vegetal biodiversity due to its unique geographical and climatological conditions, offering an unexplored and unique source of naturally-derived compounds. The present research has considered a screening of 26 highland herbs using an in vitro growth inhibition model in a panel of six cancer cell lines from different tissues. 5 of the 26 studied ethanolic extracts shows strong activity at least in one cell line when tested at 10 µg mL-1. We present a group of plants worthy to be evaluated as promissory extracts. This work is part of the systematic attempt to find new candidates to be used in cancer therapies.

RESUMO: O câncer ainda é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo. Muitos quimioterápicos de plantas foram testados em câncer, como vinblastina e paclitaxel. O norte do Chile, região de Arica e Parinacota, caracteriza-se por sua biodiversidade vegetal devido às suas condições geográficas e climatológicas únicas, oferecendo uma fonte inexplorada e única de compostos de origem natural. A presente pesquisa considerou uma triagem de 26 ervas das terras altas usando um modelo de inibição de crescimento in vitro em um painel de seis linhas celulares de câncer de diferentes tecidos. Cinco, dos 26 extratos etanólicos estudados, mostram forte atividade pelo menos em uma linhagem celular quando testados a 10 µg mL-1. Apresentamos um grupo de plantas dignas de serem avaliadas como extratos promissórios. Este trabalho faz parte da tentativa sistemática de encontrar novos candidatos para serem usados ​​em terapias contra o câncer.

Effect of Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mice / 中国药科大学学报

@#To investigate the effect of ethanolic extract from Artemisia Argyi Folium on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mice, ICR mice were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet to construct type 2 diabetes mellitus model. Diabetic mice were randomly divided into three groups: the model group (5 mL/kg 0.5% CMC-Na), the Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract low-dose group (100 mg/kg ) and high-dose group (400 mg/kg ). During the treatment for 6 weeks, the amount of drinking water and food intake of mice were recorded every day. Blood glucose and body weight were recorded every week. After treatment for 6 weeks, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),and oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) were measured. The results showed that the amount of drinking water and food intake of mice significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract high-dose group; oral glucose tolerance was significantly improved (P < 0.01) and the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly decreased in the Artemisia Argyi Folium ethanolic extract low-dose group (P < 0.01). The ethanolic extract from Artemisia Argyi Folium could significantly improve the glucose and lipid metabolic disorder in T2DM mice in a dose-dependent manner.

Evaluation Of Anticonvulsant Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Of Leaves Of Cajanus Cajan (L) Millsp. In Rodents

Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. is the perennial plant belongs to family Fabaceae, commonly called as Pigeon pea plant. The presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, the flavanone (substituted) from Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. have in vitro neuroactive property. This flavanone named as pinostrobin helps to inhibit voltage – gated sodium channels. Because of its bioactive phytoconstituents it may act as antiepileptic drug. To avoid problems like ADR herbal plant might be alternative to treat epilepsy. The current study was therefore carried out to evaluate antiepileptic activity of Ethanolic extract of leaves of Cajanus cajan in rodents. The effect of ELECC in MES-induced convulsions in rat and PTZ-induced convulsion in mice was evaluated using doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. Phenytoin (25 mg/kg), Diazepam (4 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for respective model. Depending on the model, outcome measures were abolishment of Hind Limb Tonic Extensor phase in MES-induced convulsion in rat and onset of latency, recovery or death in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice as well as biochemical estimation of amino acid neurotransmitter (GABA, Glutamate) were evaluated. The ELECC at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly delayed the HLTE phase in MES-induced convulsions in rat whereas, significantly increased onset of latency in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice. It also showed significant (p>0.0001) effect on the level of GABA and Glutamate in dose dependent manner in both models. The phytochemical study of C. cajan showed the presence of Glycosides, Flavonoids, Flavonones, Steroids, Tannins, Fixed oil, Fatty acids and Proteins. As the flavonoids present in C. cajan may contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of the plant. Therefore, the presence of such compounds in the extract may be responsible for the anticonvulsant effect. Therefore, present study validates its anticonvulsant activity. Further, research is required to elucidate its specific mechanism of action and isolation of responsible active principles.

Antioxidant and Anticonvulsant Effect of Dennettia Tripetala on Rat Model of Isoniazid-induced Seizure

Aims: This study aimed at investigating the antioxidative, anticonvulsive and histological effects of ethanolic fruit extract of Dennettia tripetala on the pre-frontal lobe of the brain in isoniazid-induced (300 mg/kg, i.p) seizure in adult wistar rat. Introduction: Neuronal hyper-excitability and excessive production of free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a considerable range of neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The high rate of oxidative metabolism, coupled with the low antioxidant defenses and the richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, makes the brain highly vulnerable to free radical damage. Study Design: This is an original research conducted in Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Parklane, Enugu State, Nigeria, between June and August, 2019. Methodology: A total number of twenty four wistar rats were used for this experiment, the animals were grouped into six groups with four animals per group, Group I served as the negative control, Group II served as the positive control, Group III received the standard drug as well as the Isoniazid, while group IV, V and VI were treated with ethanolic extract of Dennettia tripetala at different dosages; 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and its effects compared with a standard drug (Pyridoxine) treated group. Results: The extract significantly prolonged the onset of seizure at high dose administration (750 mg/kg) but completely prevented seizure occurrence at low and medium dose administration (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, i.p) when induced with isoniazid (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion: The results obtained from this work suggest that ethanolic extract of Dennettia tripetala has anticonvulsant activity, and this supports the use of the formulation traditionally in the treatment of convulsions, thus should be considered for clinical trials.

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Turnera aphrodisiaca leaves against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats

Background: The botanical Latin name of the plant, Turnera aphrodisiaca, describes its ancient use as an aphrodisiac.Methods: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Turnera aphrodisiaca leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats.Results: Administration with ethanolic and aqueous extract of Turnera aphrodisiaca leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 7 days significantly reduced the impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in a dose dependent matter. In addition, treatment of both the extracts resulted in markedly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in rats. The histopathological studies in the liver of rats also supported that both extracts markedly reduced the toxicity of CCL4 and preserved the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue to near normal.Conclusion: Thus, the results suggest that ethanolic and aqueous extract of Turnera aphrodisiaca leaves acts as a potent hepatoprotective agent against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Evaluation of antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model

Background: Gastric mucosal ulceration is the most common adverse effect with NSAIDS. Antacids, H2 blockers and PPIs are considered novel in treating ulcers but are not devoid of side effects. Hence, there a need for a drug which is effective against NSAID induced ulcers with no side effects. Coccinia grandis plant is traditionally used for the treatment of gastric/peptic ulcers. Hence, this study has been undertaken to scientifically validate the antiulcer activity of Coccinia grandis leaves against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model.Methods: Following preparation of the extract, 24 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each group (n=6). Group 1 received 1% CMC, group 2 received 1% CMC +indomethacin 40 mg/kg, group 3 received ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis 200 mg/kg +indomethacin 40 mg/kg and group 4 received omeprazole (2 mg/kg) +indomethzacin 40 mg/kg for 7 days. Calculation of ulcer score was done using ulcer index and percentage protection.Results: The ulcer index score (2.12�21) and percentage protection (69.71%) was comparable with the standard drug (1.76�11, 74.85%) respectively.Conclusions: The ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis showed significant antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the exact mechanism of antiulcer activity.

Antimicrobial efficacy of novel ethanolic extract of morinda citrifolia against enterococcus faecalis by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods - an invitro study / Eficácia de um novo antimicrobiano etanólico de extrato de Moringa citrifolia contra Enterococcus Faecalis por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar e de diluição em caldo ­ um estudo in vitro

Objective: The long-term success of root canal treatment is ultimately related to the effective debridement and disinfection of the root canal system. Hence, the irrigants play an important role in achieving the good penetrability and bactericidal activity. The present study was mainly aimed at evaluating the invitro antimicrobial efficacy of Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Material and methods: The antibacterial effect of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia was investigated against Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) Results: The MIC of Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia extract was found to be 12.5 mg/ml and the MBC was found to be 25 mg/ml Conclusion: Novel Ethanolic Extract of Morinda Citrifolia possess antimicrobial activity against E.Faecalis. But still, future studies are needed. (AU)

Objetivo: O sucesso a longo prazo do tratamento de canais radiculares está intimamente relacionada com a efi cácia do debridamento e desinfecção do Sistema do canal radicular. Consequentemente, os irrigantes têm um importante papel na capacidade de penetração e atividade bactericida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal a avaliação in vitro da efi cácia antimicrobiana do novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia por meio dos métodos de difusão em ágar ou de diluição em caldo. Material e métodos: O efeito antibacteriano do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi investigado contra Enterococcus Faecalis (E. Faecalis). Os métodos de diluição em ágar e de diluição em caldo foram usados para determinar a concentração inibitória minima (MIC) e concentração bactericida minima (MBC). Resultados: O MIC do extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia foi obtido na concentração de 12.5mg/ml e a MBC foi de 25mg/ml Conclusão: O novo extrato etanólico de Morinda Citrifolia apresenta atividade antimicrobiana contra E.Faecalis. Porém, futuros estudos são necessários. (AU)

Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts isolated from Lentinus sp. on human cancer cell lines

Aims@#The aim of this study was to evaluate some chemical properties and the cytotoxic effect of aqueous and ethanolic crude polysaccharides extracted from five Lentinus sp. on human cancer cell lines. It was hypothesized that other species of the genus Lentinus could show the pharmacological actions as presence in Lentinus edodes, especially anticancer properties. @*Methodology and results@#Crude extracts of dried fruit bodies and mycelia from L. edodes, Lentinus sajor-caju, Lentinus swartzii, Lentinus squarrosulus and Lentinus velutinus were extracted using two solvents, hot water and 95% ethanol, and evaluated for their total carbohydrates, proteins, reducing sugar, phenol contents, and cytotoxicity. The yield of crude extracts was 33.6-205.3 mg/g dry weight of a sample. Cytotoxicity was determined with 10 mg/mL of crude aqueous and 1 mg/mL of crude ethanolic extracts by using the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) method. All extracts showed non-cytotoxicity against the normal cell lines, LLC-MK2 and L929 cells. While, the extracts of L. edodes, L. sajor-caju, L. squarrosulus and L. velutinus displayed the cytotoxicity against the human cancer cell lines. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The crude aqueous and ethanolic extract from fruit bodies of L. velutinus and the ethanolic extract from fruit bodies of L. sajor-caju and L. squarrosulus displayed the adverse effect against the human cancer cell lines. Hence, these extracts are a potential source of bioactive compounds for cancer treatment.

Comparative study of analgesic effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts with aspirin on experimental animals

Background: Moringa oleifera is highly valued with a wide range of medicinal uses. It is abundantly available in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It has been used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory in Indian folk medicine since centuries. The mechanism of action of analgesic effect is by the phytochemical components of its leaves which contain alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and tannin.Methods: This experiment is carried out in mice by using the thermal method of analgesiometer, that is Eddy’s Hot Plate method. Thermostatically controlled electrically heated plate is used in this method. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts are compared with aspirin.Results: When the analgesic properties of the standard drug aspirin were compared to the analgesic properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera, the ethanolic extract showed a comparable analgesic effect with aspirin at 90min. Among these two extracts, the ethanolic extract showed a higher response than aqueous extract.Conclusions: When the analgesic properties of the standard drug aspirin were compared to the analgesic properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera, the ethanolic extract showed a comparable analgesic effect with aspirin at 90min. Among these two extracts, the ethanolic extract showed a higher response than aqueous extract.

The hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella fleming on serum lipids and atherogenesis in albino rats fed with high fat diet

Background: An increase in the incidence and prevalence of hyperlipidemia in India has led to an increased demand for drugs with a lipid lowering potential. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (EESKCB) in albino rats fed with high fat diet.Methods: The extract was daily administered to healthy adult albino rats of either sex, fed with high fat diet for a period of 60 days. At the end of 60 days, i.e. on the 61st day, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index, the body weights of the rats and the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were estimated. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was also carried out. For statistical analysis, the methods employed were One-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test and Student’s ‘t’ test (Paired). Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.Results: The test drug brought about significant (p<0.05) decrease in the raised levels of all the lipid parameters except the High density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was also a significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum levels of catalase and a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the serum levels of MDA in the test drug treated group. The test drug also significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the rise in body weights of the rats.Conclusions: From this study, it can be said that the seed kernel of Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming has significant hypolipidemic activity.

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana Hayne frente às Staphylococcus spp. e avaliação de seu potencial como desinfetante em cabras / In vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne leaf on strains of Staphylococcus spp. and evaluation of its potential as a disinfectant in goats

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Propolis extract in tshe diet of weaned piglets / Extrato de própolis na dieta de leitões desmamados

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess the use of propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to performance-enhancing antibiotics for piglets. Seventy piglets weaned at 21 days of age, with initial weights of 7.3±0.4kg and final weights of 24.9±1.2kg, were randomly assigned to five diets: positive control (diet with 200ppm antibiotic); negative control (diet without growth promoter); and diets with 100, 500, and 1,000ppm of brown propolis ethanolic extract, with seven replicates of two piglets each. The duration of the experimental period was 35 days. The diets did not influence (P>0.05) daily feed intake, daily weight gain, final weight, and feed conversion of animals. The bacteriological profile of the nasal swab presented a predominance of gram-positive bacteria commonly associated with the mucous membranes in all samples. Rectal swabs did not present atypical bacterial isolates. The use of ethanolic propolis extract in diets did not alter the performance of weaned piglets, nor did it affect the bacteriological profile, fecal score, or the occurrence of diarrhea in piglets.

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar a utilização de extrato etanóico de própolis como alternativa aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho para leitões. Foram avaliados 70 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos iniciais de 7,3±0,4kg e final de 24,9±1,2kg. Estes foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas: controle positivo - dieta com 200ppm de antibiótico; controle negativo - dieta sem promotor de crescimento; dietas com 100, 500 e 1.000ppm de extrato etanóico de própolis marrom, com sete repetições de dois leitões cada. A duração do período experimental foi de 35 dias. As dietas não influenciaram (P>0,05) no consumo de ração diária, ganho de peso diário, peso final e a conversão alimentar dos animais. O perfil bacteriológico da swab nasal apresentou predomínio de bactérias Gram positivas comumente associadas às membranas das mucosas em todas as coletas realizadas. As swabs retais não apresentaram isolamento atípico. A utilização do extrato etanóico de própolis nas dietas não altera o desempenho de leitões desmamados, bem como não afeta o perfil bacteriológico, escore fecal e a ocorrência de diarreia dos leitões.

Propolis from Southwest of Parana produced by selected bees: Influence of seasonality and food supplementation on antioxidant activity and phenolic profile

ABSTRACT Propolis produced by selected bees Apis mellifera were collected from March to June of 2013 and in March of 2015 and analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of climate, colony of origin, and food supplementation of colonies on the content of total phenolic and flavonoid by chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity by radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out with propolis collected in 2013 and two clusters were formed. Propolis produced in the months of March and April showed a higher content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity than those produced in May and June. The results of PCA obtained from samples collected in March of 2013 and 2015 showed two clusters, and propolis collected in 2015 were more bioactive and presented a higher content of TPC. The chromatographic analysis of extracts allowed the identification of phenolic acids p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic with similar chemical profiles that could be closely related to the botanical origin of propolis. It can be concluded that the season and food supplementation of colonies influenced the chemical composition and the biological activity of samples analysed.